习近平总书记教育重要论述讲义

Understanding Xi Jinping’s Educational Philosophy

习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中，提出了我国优先发展教育事业的总战略、加快教育现代化的总方向、建设教育强国的总要求。“优先发展教育事业”“加快教育现代化”“建设教育强国”，既体现了历史发展的延续性，又体现了实践发展的新要求，是新时代教育事业改革发展的重大战略部署。

党的十九大对新时代推进社会主义现代化建设作出战略安排。从时间上看，它把原定的基本实现我国社会主义现代化的时间提前了15年；从目标上看，这一安排把原定的到本世纪中叶建成中等发达的社会主义现代化国家，提升为建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，不仅是量的提升，更是质的飞跃；从要求上看，它进一步突显了增强“四个意识”，坚定”四个自信“，统揽“四个伟大”，统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化等全面要求。

In his report to the 19th CPC National Congress, General Secretary Xi presented the overall strategy of prioritizing education, the way to accelerate education modernization, and the requirements for making China strong in education. “Prioritizing education”, “modernizing education,” and “building an educational powerhouse”—these initiatives demonstrate the continuity of our education policies while incorporating new requirements in the present circumstances. They are major strategic plans to reform and develop education in the new era.

The 19th CPC National Congress presented a strategic arrangement for socialist modernization. In terms of the timeframe, it has advanced the original schedule for China’s socialist modernization by fifteen years. In terms of goals, this plan will transform China from a moderately developed, modern socialist country by the middle of this century into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful. This suggests not only an increase in quantity, but also a qualitative leap. In terms of requirements, the plan throws further light on the requirements of the Four Consciousness, the Four-Sphere Confidence, the Four Greats, the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan, and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, and of modernizing China’s system and capacity for governance.

习言习语 Quote from Xi Jinping

要抓住机遇、超前布局，以更高远的历史站位、更宽广的国际视野、更深邃的战略眼光，对加快推进教育现代化、建设教育强国作出整体部署和战略设计。

—2018年9月全国教育大会

We should seize the opportunity and draw up plans well in advance. We must make overall arrangements and strategic plans to modernize and strengthen education from historical, international, and strategic perspectives.

—National Education Conference in September 2018

参考文献：

本书编写组，2023，《习近平总书记教育重要论述讲义》，北京：高等教育出版社。

狂狷 Proactive Versus Prudent

激昂进取与拘谨持守。孔子以“狂”和“狷”来指称两种为人处世的态度和作风。孔子认为，理想的处事方式是不偏不倚，无过或不及。而“狂”和“狷”各有所偏：“狂”则激昂进取，弘扬道义而不做任何妥协；“狷”则拘谨持守，谨慎退让但不失节操。二者虽有所偏颇，但都合乎道义，皆有可取之处。

Proactive and prudent were used by Confucius to refer to two opposing attitudes and styles of behavior. Proactive persons tend to be radical and won’t make any compromise in upholding moral principles and justice. Prudent persons, on the other hand, tend to be cautious and ready to make compromise but without sacrificing moral integrity. Confucius believed that the ideal conduct in life is keeping to the mean, neither going too far nor falling short. While proactive and prudent may be extreme to some extent, both have their own advantages as both adhere to moral principles and justice.

引例 Citation:

◢子曰：“不得中行而与之，必也狂狷乎？狂者进取，狷者有所不为也。”（《论语·子路》）

（孔子说：“不能与遵循中道的人相交，也一定要结交狂者或狷者。狂者激昂进取，狷者不做有违道义的事。”）

Confucius said, “If one cannot make friends with those who adhere to the middle way, at least be close to aspiring or uninhibited minds. The former aims high whereas the latter never violates moral laws.” (The Analects)

参考文献：

中华思想文化术语编委会，2021，《中华思想文化关键词365》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。

《胠箧》Rifling Trunks

《庄子·胠箧》篇以“胠箧”为喻，深刻解构了社会政治生态中的异化现象。庄子指出，世人创设圣智与礼法本为防盗，却反被大盗窃取，沦为强者攫取利益、粉饰暴行的工具。“窃钩者诛，窃国者为诸侯”，这种强烈的反讽揭示了制度往往只能束缚百姓，却无力制约像田成子那样不仅盗国、更将“圣知之法”据为己有的巨寇。从生态哲学视域看，“圣人不死，大盗不止”并非激进之语，而是对人为干预破坏自然秩序的警醒。正如强行引入外来物种会破坏生态平衡，过度推崇礼法反而激发了深层的贪欲与伪诈。本篇主张抛弃容易被利用的“利器”，破除对机巧的迷信，只有回归质朴无为的本性，社会才能重获安宁，复归人与自然和谐共生的本真。

The Chuang Tzu’s chapter “Rifling Trunks” uses the metaphor of “thieves who rifle trunks” to profoundly deconstruct the phenomenon of alienation within the socio-political ecosystem. Zhuangzi points out that while humanity created sacred wisdom and ritual laws to prevent theft, these very constructs were ultimately seized by the grand thieves, becoming tools for the powerful to seize benefits and whitewash their atrocities. “He who steals a belt buckle pays with his life; he who steals a state gets to be a feudal lord.” The sharp irony reveals how systems often only constrain the common people, yet remain powerless against great bandits like Viscount Tian Cheng, who not only plundered a state but also appropriated the “the laws of the sage’s wisdom” for himself. From an ecological philosophical perspective, the statement “While the sage is dead, great thieves will never cease to appear.” is not radical rhetoric, but a warning against human intervention that disrupts natural order. Just as forcibly introducing alien species disrupts ecological balance, excessive reverence for ritual and law instead fuels deep-seated greed and deceit. This chapter advocates abandoning easily exploited “the sharp weapon”, dismantling the superstition of cunning devices. Only by returning to the simple, non-action nature can society regain tranquility and restore the authentic harmony between humanity and nature.

引例 Citation：

◢“故曰：“鱼不可脱于渊，国之利器不可以示人。”彼圣人者，天下之利器也，非所以明天下也。。”

（《庄子·胠箧》）

（“所以说：“鱼不能离开深渊，国家的利器不可以随便耀示于人。”那些圣人就是天下的利器，不可以明示于天下。”）

“The saying goes, ‘The fish should not be taken from the deep pool; the sharp weapons of the state should not be shown to men.’⁶ The sage is the sharp weapon of the world, and therefore he should not be where the world can see him.⁷”

Notes:

An old saying, also found in Daodejing XXXVI.

If he is not to be a danger to the world, he must, like the true Daoist sage, remain unknown and unrecognized.

(The Complete Works of Zhuangzi. Rifling Trunks)

参考文献：

陈鼓应，2016，《庄子今注今译》（上下册），北京：商务印书馆。

Burton Watson, The Complete Works of Zhuangzi, New York: Columbia University Press , 2013

〇 Exercise

Translate the following expression into Chinese:

1.When the lips are gone, the teeth are cold.

2.The thief has a Way.